GuShiio.com Surprisingly, not all of Trump’s basic red states agree with Bitcoin reserves.
In 2025, a wave of Bitcoin’s strategic reserve legislation swept across U.S. states, becoming the latest battlefield for the collision between the crypto industry and the traditional financial system.According to statistics, more than 20 of the 50 states in the United States have proposed or are considering legislation related to bitcoin reserves, covering public fund allocation, tax incentives and regulatory frameworks.Analysts pointed out that the approval of Bitcoin ETFs and the increase in institutional adoption rates are pushing states to accelerate the deployment of strategic reserves of crypto assets in order to take the lead in future competition in the digital economy.
The Odaily Planet Daily provides readers with statistics on the latest progress updates of states ‘strategic reserves.
What are the steps for U.S. states to establish strategic reserves of Bitcoin?
If a U.S. state wants to establish a strategic reserve of Bitcoin, it needs to go through a complete legislative and administrative process to ensure the legitimacy and enforceability of the plan.This process is divided into four steps:
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The first step:First, legislative proposals need to be made byState legislator or relevant committeeDraft and submit to the State Legislature. The bill includes details such as the specific goals of Bitcoin reserves, sources of funds, purchase and management methods. After a bill is introduced, it is usually assigned to the state Legislature’s Finance or Economic Development Committee for detailed review and may hold a hearing to hear opinions from all parties.
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Step 2:Next, the bill needs to be voted on by both houses of the state Legislature (if the state is bicameral). First, the state House of Representatives conducts discussions and votes. If it is approved by a majority, it will be submitted to the Senate for further review and voting. In some states, the reverse process is used. The bill cannot enter the final approval stage until it is passed by both houses. Readers need to note thatAll House and Senate references in this article refer to the State’s House and Senate. Normally, states legislate on their own without approval from the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.
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Step 3:After both houses of the state legislature pass the bill, it will beSend it to the governor for signature.If the governor agrees and signs it, the bill becomes law, and the state government can initiate the implementation of the Bitcoin strategic reserve. If the governor vetoes it, the Legislature can proceedAmend or attempt to override the veto with a higher vote (usually a two-thirds majority).
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Step 4:Once the bill takes effect, the state willDesignate relevant institutions to implement reserve plans, which is usually the responsibility of the state treasury department or a specially established fund management department. They need to develop specific purchasing strategies, choose appropriate custody methods (such as third-party custody or self-custody), and ensure the security of reserve funds. At the same time, state governments need to establishTransparent regulatory and audit mechanisms, regularly report the status of Bitcoin reserves to the public or legislative bodies.
If anything goes wrong at any of the above steps, the Bitcoin Reserve Act will not pass in the state.
On March 1, Cynthia Lummis, chairman of the U.S. Senate Banking Subcommittee on Digital Assets, revealed in an interview with Fox Business that the federal-level Bitcoin Strategic Reserve Plan “lacks sufficient support” and may be difficult to implement in the short term. “There are not enough people in the House and Senate right now to move this forward,” she said,“In contrast, the state legislative process is clearly faster.”
State Progress: What are the fastest progressing states?
Arizona
On February 28, 2025, two Arizona bitcoin reserve bills (SB1025, etc.) were passed in the Senate with a “17-11-2” vote and are currently submitted to the House of Representatives for consideration. If finally approved, the state will become one of the first states in the United States to include Bitcoin in public reserves.
Texas
On February 27, the Texas Bitcoin Reserve Bill was officially submitted to the Senate for consideration. Previously, the proposal had passed technical review by the State Commerce and Commerce Commission, and its core content included allowing state fiscal funds to allocate Bitcoin assets.
in Oklahoma
On February 26, Oklahoma’s Strategic Bitcoin Reserve Act (HB1203) was voted and passed by the House Committee and entered the full vote stage. The bill, which proposes to invest up to 10% of public funds in Bitcoin or digital assets with market capitalizations of more than $500 billion, is seen as the boldest attempt at crypto policy among conservative states.
Ohio
On the same day, the Ohio Strategic Bitcoin Reserve Act passed committee review, leaving only a full Senate vote before final legislation. If passed, the state’s pension system could become a long-term holder of Bitcoin.
On February 24, Georgia proposed the second Bitcoin Reserve Act (SB228), which would eliminate the state’s limit on the amount of Bitcoin investment and allow the government to allocate BTC assets without limit. Previously, the state passed its first relevant bill in 2024, and this amendment was interpreted as a signal to “fully embrace Bitcoin.”
Except for Georgia, all other bills above are in the second stage of implementation, and some states have already passed votes in either house. After the second-step vote, the governor will choose to sign it into law.
Blocking and Opposition: Details of the collapse of five-state Bitcoin Reserve Bill
Montana
Montana House Bill 429 (HB 429) was introduced in late January 2025, advocating the allocation of up to $50 million in public funds to bitcoin, stablecoins and precious metals. Although the sponsor, Mr. Curtis Schomer, emphasized that the move would “spread the risk of state assets and obtain higher returns,” the bill was not passed in the House vote on February 21 with 59 votes against and 41 votes in support.
South Dakota
South Dakota’s HB1202 bill proposed to invest 10% of public funds in Bitcoin, but was rejected by the House Commerce and Energy Committee on February 24 with 9 votes against and 3 votes in support. Senator Logan Manhart, the sponsor, believes Bitcoin can fight inflation, but state investment officer Matt Clark said “Excessive volatility“There is strong opposition. Subsequently, at the legislative session on February 25, South Dakota vetoed the HB1202 bill with a modification of “postponing consideration to day 41″(the actual session was only 40 days), clearly refusing to include Bitcoin as an official investment option.
North Dakota
North Dakota Bill HB 1184, which aims to explore the feasibility of establishing a Bitcoin reserve, failed in the House with 57 votes against and 32 votes in favor. However, the state’s legislature is still considering a Republican resolution that would allow state finances to invest in digital assets and precious metals. The resolution has currently passed the second reading of the House of Representatives and is being further discussed by the Senate Industry and Commerce Committee.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Bill HB 2664 proposes investing up to 10% of state funds in Bitcoin, allowing assets to be allocated through secure escrow schemes or Bitcoin ETFs. The proposal, co-sponsored by Republican congressmen Michael Cabell and Aaron Kaufer, has been substantively shelved since it was introduced in November 2024 due to excessive opposition.
Wyoming
The Wyoming Bitcoin Reserve Act was introduced in mid-January 2025, proposing that 3% of state general funds, mineral trusts and land funds be invested in Bitcoin. However, in a state committee vote on February 6, only one of eight members supported it, and the bill failed. State legislative records show that opponentsConcerned that “digital assets are incompatible with the traditional fiscal system”。
